Which of the following best describes the "Spirit of Reform" during Jackson's presidency?

The "Spirit of Reform" during Jackson's presidency is best encapsulated by the advancements in women's rights and public education. This era, often referred to as the Age of Jackson, saw a significant surge in various reform movements aimed at addressing social issues and promoting greater equality and democracy.

During this time, advocates for women’s rights began to organize and push for legal and social reforms, laying the groundwork for future movements advocating for gender equality. Similarly, public education reforms gained momentum, seeking to make education more accessible to all children, regardless of their socio-economic background. The push for free public schools and the establishment of standardized educational materials were significant aspects of this reform spirit, reflecting a belief in the importance of an educated citizenry for the functioning of a democratic society.

The other options, while relevant to specific aspects of the era, do not capture the essence of the broad reform movements that were truly at the heart of the period. Economic growth, military expansion, and strict immigration policies were more focused on national interests and governance rather than the societal reforms that characterized Jackson's presidency. Thus, the focus on social reform movements—including those related to women's rights and public education—defines the "Spirit of Reform" during this significant time in American history.