Which act was associated with Adams' midnight appointments?

The Judiciary Act of 1801 is associated with Adams' midnight appointments because it was this act that reorganized the federal judiciary and created new judgeships. In the wake of the 1800 election, in which Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans defeated John Adams and the Federalists, Adams sought to maintain Federalist control of the judiciary. To do this, he signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 just before leaving office, allowing the creation of several new courts and the appointment of new judges.

Adams made these appointments in the final hours of his presidency, famously referred to as "midnight appointments," to ensure that Federalist judges were in place to counterbalance the incoming Democratic-Republican administration. This act and the subsequent appointments were significant as they set off a political struggle that culminated in the landmark Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review.

The other options refer to legislation that does not pertain to this moment: the Judiciary Act of 1789 established the federal judiciary system itself, the Naturalization Act of 1795 dealt with citizenship requirements, and the Sedition Act of 1798 related to the suppression of dissent against the government. None of these directly connect to Adams