What was Charles Dickens' term for the conditions in the Lowell textile mills?

Charles Dickens referred to the conditions in the Lowell textile mills as "Black satanic mills" because he was deeply concerned about the grim realities faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution. This phrase captures the dark and oppressive environment of these factories, where exploitation and harsh working conditions were prevalent. Dickens used this term to convey a sense of moral outrage over the way laborers, including many women and children, were treated in pursuit of profit. The imagery of "satanic" evokes a sense of evil and suffering associated with these industrial sites, suggesting that the mills were not only physically demanding but also morally corrupting, both for the workers and society at large.